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Using JavaScript ‘toLowerCase()’ String Method [with Examples]

JavaScript toLowerCase

Want to make a string all lower case in JavaScript? It’s the toLowerCase() method to the rescue! The toLowerCase() method is part of the string object and has full support in all browsers. In JavaScript, strings can either be a primitive or an object – primitives are the most basic kinds of variables, which are not objects, have no methods, and simply represent the given characters. However, String objects have useful methods for manipulating and measuring the string – like toLowerCase(). By default, JavaScript’s string variables are initialized as primitives – but will be automatically … Read more

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PHP in_array Function: Check Array Values Exist

PHP in_array Function

The PHP in_array() function allows you to check for the presence of a value in an array, and take an option based on this result. Syntax in_array ( $needle , $haystack [, $strict = FALSE ] ) Note That: $needle can be a variable of any type (string, number, date, etc) $haystack should be an array (see here, here, and here for more about arrays) $strict is optional, and will ensure that the type of values is also compared when checking whether $needle is present If $strict is FALSE (the default behavior), the number … Read more

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PostgreSQL Data Types Reference

PostgreSQL Data Types

This article provides a reference for all of the built-in data types available in PostgreSQL databases. PostgreSQL Data Types Data Type Description Example Boolean TRUE/FALSE Boolean value TRUE Character (CHAR) Fixed-length string of characters ‘Hello there’ Character Varying (VARCHAR) Variable-length string of characters ‘Hello there’ Text String of characters with unlimited length ‘This text can be as long as you want it to be!’ Smallint Integer value ranging from -32768 to +32767 56 Integer (INT) Integer value ranging from -2147483648 to +2147483647 654321 Bigint Integer value ranging … Read more

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PHP Scopes in Functions, Loops, Modules, With Examples

PHP Variable Scopes

This article explains what variable scopes are, and how they work in the PHP programming language, with code examples. When programming in any language, you must be aware of how variables are scoped – otherwise, you risk unexpected behaviour, including incorrect calculations, or loss of data – detrimental outcomes for any application (especially if you are working with business records or financial data) that will result in angry users. What is a Variable? In computer programming, a variable stores a value, giving it a name that can … Read more

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Python NumPy Crash Course – A Simple Tutorial and Example

Python Numpy Course Tutorial Example

Python’s NumPy library is the standard for working with numerical data. This article will explain why that is, and how to use it. In addition to this, code examples for basic usage will be shown, and we will build a real-world example that implements NumPy to work with some example data. Python and Arrays Whether you are working with data collected for scientific or business reasons, it is usually collected in the form of arrays of data presented as tables with single or multiple columns. … Read more

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PHP $this Variable – What It Is, How To Use It [Examples]

PHP this

This article will explain the PHP $this variable – what it is, what it does, and how to use it – with code examples. PHP Objects and Classes PHP is an object-oriented programming language. Code and data can be stored in an object which represents the items your code represents with a set of properties and methods. For example, you might have objects that represent sales invoices, or cars, or pets, or people – each containing code and data relevant to the thing they represent. The properties or attributes of … Read more

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How to Use Variable Variables in PHP, with Examples

PHP Variable Variables

Variable variables let you dynamically access variables by their name. Sound confusing? This article will explain PHP variable variables, and provide code examples. What is a variable? In computer programming, variables store a value, or reference to a value, for later use. Variables have names, and when you access a named variable, the value it contains can be read or updated. Declaring variables in PHP In PHP, a variable is declared when it is first used: Above, a variable named $myVariable is declared using the = (equals) operator, and assigned the … Read more

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How to Sort a Dictionary by Value in Python [Examples]

Python sort dictionary by value

This article will show you how to sort a dictionary by the values it contains in the Python programming language. Code examples are included. What is a Dictionary? A dictionary is one of Pythons built in variable types for storing data. Dictionaries are similar to associative arrays or hash tables in other languages. A dictionary contains a collection of values or objects. Unlike lists and arrays, rather than their values being stored at a specific index (the ordered position in the sequence of stored values), values in a dictionary … Read more

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How to use the Python sum() Function to Add/Sum Numbers

Python sum

The Python sum() function takes a list of numbers, and sums them up (totals/adds them all together). Here’s how to use it, with examples. Summing/Totalling/Adding Numbers The concept of summing numbers is simple – take the numbers you wish to get the total of, and add them all together. 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 It’s basic arithmetic that you’ll use daily when writing computer software in any language. Summing Numbers in Python The sum() function in Python sums numbers. It’s a built-in function, which can be used anywhere … Read more

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How to Iterate/Loop over a Dictionary in Python [Examples]

Python iterate loop dictionary

This article will show you how to iterate/loop over the keys and values in a Python dictionary, and provide code examples. What is a Python Dictionary? In Python, a dictionary is a data type that contains a collection of objects – but unlike a list or array, rather than their values being recorded at a specific index (or ordered position in the sequence of stored values), they are stored in a key – a string identifier which both tells you what a value is for, and which … Read more