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How to Generate & Write CSV Files in Python, With Examples

Python write csv file

This article will show you how to generate CSV (Comma Separated Values) data, and write it to a file, with examples. What is CSV (Comma Separated Values) CSV (Comma Separated Values) is a format for storing and transmitting data, usually in a text file, in which the individual values are separated by a comma (,). Each row in a CSV file represents an individual record containing multiple comma separated values. A CSV file looks like this: name,age,favourite colour Fred,54,green Mary,31,pink Steve,12,orange Above, the CSV describes three people, with … Read more

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Python getattr() – What it Does and How to Use It [Examples]

Python use getattr() to get object attributes

The getattr() function is used to get the value of an attribute of an object. Here is how it is used, with examples. Python Objects and Classes Python is an object oriented programming language. Object oriented means that rather than code being written as a list of instructions, accumulating data and passing the results to the following lines of code (known as procedural programming), data and functionality is contained within the objects it describes. Each object is a self-contained representation of something, that can be modified, and passed between functions … Read more

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PostreSQL Guide Introduction: What is PostgreSQL? Why Use It ?

PostgreSQL Introduction - What is PostgreSQL

This article is part of the LinuxScrew Guide for Developers Learning PostgreSQL. PostgreSQL is a relational database management system. It is similar to other networked SQL database servers like MySQL/MariaDB and Microsoft SQL, but there are some key differences in features and functionality. PostgreSQL vs Other Database Systems You can see a comparison of PostgreSQL and other database systems here. In short, while MySQL is the most popular open source database system, PostgreSQL is more advanced. PostgreSQL is object oriented, can store a larger number of types … Read more

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Ultimate Guide to Uploading Multiple Files With PHP [Examples]

PHP Multiple File Uploads Ultimate Guide

This tutorial will explain how to upload one or multiple files from the web browser to the server using PHP. Code examples are included, including the code for limiting file size and type. Being able to have your users upload files to your app has become expected functionality in most web apps. Photos, filled out PDF forms, videos, recordings – any kind of file can be uploaded, and the process is relatively straight forward. PHP provides all of the required tools for file uploading and … Read more

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PHP_SELF – What It Is, and Why It’s Too Dangerous to Use [WARNING]

PHP_SELF

This article outlines the PHP_SELF attribute of the $_SERVER system information variable and why you should never, ever use it. What is _$SERVER? Check out our full article on $_SERVER here – but in short, it’s a variable containing an array with information about your PHP environment – including server and request details that are quite sensitive and shouldn’t be publicly accessible. What is $_SERVER[‘PHP_SELF’] ? $_SERVER[‘PHP_SELF’] contains the full path to the PHP script being executed, including any query parameters. This allows the party making the request to include arbitrary data. Displaying data … Read more

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How to Use the PHP empty() Function

Check if PHP Variable Empty

This easy tutorial will show you how to use the PHP empty() function to check whether a variable can be considered empty and show some code examples. What Is Empty? A variable is considered empty in PHP if its value equates to FALSE or the variable does not exist. This means that the following are considered empty: An empty string (“”) The number zero (0) In any form (0.0000) Including strings containing only a 0 character (“0”) Boolean FALSE NULL An undeclared variable Empty arrays The empty() function is different from the isset() function. The latter checks only whether … Read more

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How to Use the PHP ‘while’ Loop, With Examples

PHP while

This tutorial will teach you how to use the while statement to build loops in the PHP programming language and show some examples. The while loop is the most straightforward kind of loop in PHP. The code inside the loop will execute for as long as the while condition is true. Change the condition, and the loop will exit. while loops are a fundamental part of PHP (and loops are an essential part of computer programming in general) – so it’s good to know how they work and what they can be … Read more

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How to Use the PHP ‘do while’ Loop, With Examples

PHP do while

This tutorial will teach you how to use the do while statement to build loops in the PHP programming language, and show some examples. The do while loop is one of the simplest types of loop in PHP. The code inside the loop will execute for as long as the do while condition is true. Change the condition, and the loop will exit. do while loops are a fundamental part of PHP (and loops are an essential part of computer programming in general) – so it’s good to get to know how they … Read more

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What is a Python Dictionary? Explanation and Code Examples

Python dictionary

Here’s everything you need to know about the Dictionary data type in Python, what it can store, and how to use it. Python has several built-in data types for storing data (more than other languages like JavaScript) – from basic types like integers, floating-point numbers, and strings to more complex types like lists, tuples, and dictionaries. What is a Type? A variable’s type defines what kind of value it can store and what can be done with it. What is a Dictionary? A dictionary is a variable type … Read more

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How to Execute PHP from the Command Line (Bash/Shell)

Execute PHP from the Command Line/Bash

This article will quickly run through the ways PHP can be used from the Bash shell/command line, with examples. PHP is usually used for generating content to be served on the web – but it can also be used from the command line. This is usually done for the purposes of testing or finding out information about the PHP environment – but PHP can also be used for writing command-line scripts (though, again, it’s not really done that frequently – probably because there are better … Read more